My late husband Dr. Raphael Jonas was arrested on October 28, 1938 in Berlin and deported to Poland. There he received his visa for England in March 1939 and was then allowed to come to Berlin for two weeks. There he was able to extend his stay by a few days. He left Berlin on April 10 or 12, 1939 and drove to London via Ostend. I can't remember which rail grade my husband used. In any case, he was traveling on a night train in a sleeping car.
...
I hand over a certified list of our removal goods, which my husband himself put up and signed after his return to Berlin on March 31, 1939.
Things soon became pretty tough though: at the end of October the Germans undertook the action against the Polish Jews. A great number of Polish Jews had settled in Germany since the creation of Poland in 1918 after WWI from its three component parts; one of which had been German- occupied, the other occupied by Russia and the third by Austria The inhabitants were given the option which country they wanted to belong to and my parents voted for Poland, but they moved from Geneva to Berlin in 1920, a mistake that forever changed their lives (see above). Now the Germans decided to get rid of their Polish Jews[1], and without much notification (they just told them to pack a suitcase) they put them into trains and sent them to Poland. In Berlin there were so many that they sent only the men. So my mother stayed behind alone with faithful Lila; actually there was already an edict that “Aryan” household employees could not remain, but luckily this applied only to those under 40 years of age[2] and Lila by then was just over that!!
My father was on the first train, and the Poles, who had no idea what was going on, let it pass the border. When they found out what the deal was they simply emptied the train between the borders in no-man’s-land and only people with relatives in Poland were allowed to proceed. Luckily my father still had his parents and sister Fania in Lodz, so he had no problem. After that first train nobody got through any more if I remember correctly. The Poles demanded “valid” passports which none of them had, and if they did not speak Polish they didn’t stand a chance. The next few months my father helped with the relief effort for those trapped “on the green border“ and got his passport validated, the new requirement for being able to return to Germany. He got the validation for both my mother and me too. and was allowed back to Berlin to wind up his affairs (by then all the German Jews with German passports got a big red “J” stamped into them).
I add this here, somewhat ironically, as my grandfather had already been deported before the 20th anniversary happened. I have no other information about this, but I am trying to find out.
[From Google translate of the Polish text:]
On the twentieth anniversary of regaining independence, a group of Polish citizens living in Berlin give a gift
National Museum in Warsaw
manuscript
Chief Tadeusz Kosciuszko
Berlin, in November 1938 voku
I don't list the signatories[3], but "Dr. R. Jonas" was one of them.
Notes:
This is more detail than we ever heard directly from Mom. I only knew that he was sent back to Poland to get new passport. There is quite a bit of information about the action that led to his arrest.
From a Czech Holocaust site, I found the following:
After 31 October 1938 the holders of Polish passports issued abroad were only allowed on to Polish territory if their passports contained a special note made by Polish consulates. In this way, most of the 50,000 Polish Jews settled in Germany would lose their state citizenship overnight.
After German-Polish talks failed, the German Foreign Ministry handed over the whole affair to the Gestapo, which on 27 October 1938 started forcibly deporting Polish Jews over the Polish border. In some places only the men were deported, since the Nazis expected they would be joined by their wives and children all the same, while in other places women and children were deported as well. Those arrested included old people, some of whom died during deportation. There were also suicides. The arrested Jews were forced, through threats and violence, to illegally cross the border with Poland. In all, approximately 17,000 people were expelled in this way. However, the Polish authorities refused to accept them, and so most of them had to live for many long weeks in no man's land, or the Polish border area. In most cases they were driven into the surroundings of the Polish towns of Zbaszyn and Bytom. In Zbaszyn, according to various sources, between six and ten thousand Jews gathered in the space of a few days. A large refugee camp was created in Zbaszyn, with help from Jewish aid organisations. The personal freedom of the refugees was restricted. It was not until the end of November 1938 that the Polish authorities decided to disband the camp and allow the refugees residency in Poland. With the help of Jewish communities and organisations, many of them managed to arrange travel visas and to leave the country, or to settle in Poland. After talks with the Polish authorities, the Nazis allowed the temporary return of a small group of men so that they could put their affairs in order in Germany. Finally, the Polish authorities also permitted the arrival of the family members of Jews expelled at the end of October 1938.
Wikipedia has an article on this "Polenaktion ('Polish Action')", although it appears to contradict the above by stating "expelled Jews would remain in refugee camps on the border for almost a year." [Maybe I will correct this if I find further corroboration.] Interestingly, that article links this action with Kristallnacht since a relative of a deported family assassinated Ernst Van Rath in the German Embassy in Paris on November 7, which was then used as a pretext for the violence of November 9 and 10.
An article in the Jewish Museum of Berlin, says that "The arrests came at a complete surprise to those affected. They were only permitted to take along a few meager possessions. The Reich Rail then transported them in special guarded trains to the German/Polish border." In addition, it notes [as Mom stated] that "The first group of trains was able to cross the border undisturbed, given that the Polish border guards were completely unprepared."
Actually, the Nuremberg laws Article 3 stated "Jews may not employ in their households female subjects of the state of German or related blood who are under 45 years old.", so presumably Lila was just 45 at the time (1935).
I have looked up and found something on some of the others: (1) Salomea Kempner rates a Wikipedia article, (2) there is a grave for a Regina Ruziewicz that is of a right age, (3) there is a Max(imillian) Riegel on Geni, a chemist, that would fit age and nationality-wise, survived war in Berlin, (4) possible evidence for Stefan Hejman existing via Italy and Portugal (dies in England).